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Learn your mind. Play it too.
psychosocial training
medicalstudent | 2 years ago Reply Link me
psychosocial training
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Sep 4. [Epub ahead of print]Click here to read Links
Cognitive training for divergent thinking in schizophrenia: A pilot study.
Nemoto T, Yamazawa R, Kobayashi H, Fujita N, Chino B, Fujii C, Kashima H, Rassovsky Y, Green MF, Mizuno M.

Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, California, USA.

Individuals with schizophrenia demonstrate deficits in divergent thinking. This ability is indispensable for generating creative solutions and navigating the complexities of social interactions. In a pilot study, seventeen stable schizophrenia outpatients were randomly assigned to a training program for divergent thinking or a control program on convergent thinking. After eight weeks of training, participants in the divergent thinking program had significantly greater improvements on measures of idea fluency, negative symptoms, and interpersonal relations than did participants receiving the control program. These preliminary results suggest that interventions for divergent thinking in schizophrenia may lead to improvements in patients' social functioning.

i cannot get this paper. if this practice is computerized... let the games begin

also, since social and cognitive networks are largely nonoverlapping, is divergent thinking the relevant mediator of robust social intelligence while convergent thinking is the relevant mediator of cognitive intelligence?
medicalstudent | 2 years ago Reply
Convergent and divergent thinking is problem specific. There is no reason to suppose that one would use one as opposed to the other in a social context and mutatis mutandis. At any rate, numerous problems require both forms of thinking, for instance, in the case of social engineering. E.g.,

Identify problem
Gather data on problem
Provide solution to problem
Solution to problem requires multiple (divergent) interacting solutions
Identify necessary solutions
Identify outcomes of solutions
Assess the end result of employed solutions
Etc.

Granted that, I would certainly like to see the extent to which improvements were made by schizophrenics and the actual training employed in the study.

Very interesting. Thanks.
? | 2 years ago Reply
"A brief narrative description of the journal article, document, or resource. Asperger's disorder is one of autistic spectrum disorders; sharing clinical features with autism, but without developmental delay in language acquisition. There have been some studies of intellectual functioning in autism so far, but very few in Asperger's disorder. In the present study, we investigated abstract reasoning ability, whose form of intelligence has been labeled fluid intelligence in the theory of Cattell [Cattell, R. B. (1963). "Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment." "Journal of Educational Psychology," 54, 1-22.], in children with Asperger's disorder. A test of fluid intelligence, the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices Test, was administered to 17 children with Asperger's disorder and 17 age-, gender-, and FIQ-matched normal children. The results showed that children with Asperger's disorder outperformed on the test of fluid reasoning than typically developing children. We suggest that individuals with Asperger's disorder have higher fluid reasoning ability than normal individuals, highlighting superior fluid intelligence."

assuming that aspergers patients have no other deficit affecting this weighted-variable computation for social proficiency, fluid intelligence (which i am admittedly equating with convergent thinking) does not help them out.

social ineptitude = aspergers = high fluid intelligence

still "no reason to assume..." ???
medicalstudent | 2 years ago Reply
high fluid intelligence = social ineptitude = 'aspergers'

High IQ people use conscious analysis to navigate social situations rather than doing things intuitively.

cf. 'Clever Sillies - Why the High IQ Lack Common Sense'
http://medicalhypotheses.blogspot.com/2009_09_01_archive.html
cevapcici | 2 years ago Reply
asperger's is evolution's failed attempt to shortcut development of 'fluid intelligence'?

really?

curious.
medicalstudent | 2 years ago Reply
terry tao's brutha has asperger's
cyberiad | 2 years ago Reply
Would Terry Tao beat your PASAT times? Lay down the gauntlet...
cevapcici | 2 years ago Reply
in two years time... if we persist in our WM training...

who knows :P
cyberiad | 2 years ago Reply
whoa... this is deeeeeeep...
medicalstudent | 2 years ago Reply
Cognition. 2008 Apr;107(1):284-94. Epub 2007 Aug 17. Links
Individual differences in category learning: sometimes less working memory capacity is better than more.Decaro MS, Thomas RD, Beilock SL.
Department of Psychology, Miami University, USA.

We examined whether individual differences in working memory influence the facility with which individuals learn new categories. Participants learned two different types of category structures: rule-based and information-integration. Successful learning of the former category structure is thought to be based on explicit hypothesis testing that relies heavily on working memory. Successful learning of the latter category structure is believed to be driven by procedural learning processes that operate largely outside of conscious control. Consistent with a widespread literature touting the positive benefits of working memory and attentional control, the higher one's working memory, the fewer trials one took to learn rule-based categories. The opposite occurred for information-integration categories - the lower one's working memory, the fewer trials one took to learn this category structure. Thus, the positive relation commonly seen between individual differences in working memory and performance can not only be absent, but reversed. As such, a comprehensive understanding of skill learning - and category learning in particular - requires considering the demands of the tasks being performed and the cognitive abilities of the performer.

there is an ongoing debate in the literature.

the depth of this hypothetical argument is based on a foundation... at least this abstract supports one in my mind.

in med school, there are few people i'd consider "normal"... at least socially, but as a possible "abnormal"... i may not give the best assessment.

in ceva's link, the author suggests that high iq blokes overuse abstract reasoning, jettisoning an evolved expert system for an inexpert system (at least in the domains of mundane human behavior) to produce "systematically wrong" rather than "randomly incorrect" solutions. how this expert system is even capable of being usurped, and the anatomical/physiologic basis for this usurpation, underscore its hypothetical nature.

further, he speculated abstract intelligence was useful for evolutionarily novel problems but deleterious for solving commonsense problems. this distinction was not very well clarified, and i don't know it will ever be... but i can see where he's going, especially in the context of the above abstract.

if you consciously modulated your balance and usurped your reflexes. would you fare better? worse?

cognitive circuitry is no ersatz for subcortical/spinal autopilot.

unilateral enhancement of abstract reasoning may indeed exert negative feedback on the >1 n-backer, but its almost too easy a temptation to load up WM when it costs very little effort.

one may find, however, that for life-enhancement, this should be done selectively... ironically with strong executive "metacognition", a characteristic of high iq'ers in the first place.
medicalstudent | 2 years ago Reply
This speculation is all well and good, but remember that it is a pseudo-empirical observation to say that high-IQ individuals are "nutty professors" or "crazy sillies". There are plenty of high-IQ individuals who can navigate the social sphere with grace and ease. What is more, the fact that not all high-IQ people are in academia seems to be a gross oversight on his part.

Simplistic at best and TL;DR at worst.

________________
IEEE Trans Neural Netw. 2008 Apr;19(4):689-712.
PSECMAC: a novel self-organizing multiresolution associative memory architecture.
Teddy SD, Quek C, Lai EK.

Centre for Computational Intelligence, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.

The cerebellum constitutes a vital part of the human brain system that possesses the capability to model highly nonlinear physical dynamics. The cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) associative memory network is a computational model inspired by the neurophysiological properties of the cerebellum, and it has been widely used for control, optimization, and various pattern recognition tasks. However, the CMAC network's highly regularized computing structure often leads to the following: 1) a suboptimal modeling accuracy, 2) poor memory utilization, and 3) the generalization-accuracy dilemma. Previous attempts to address these shortcomings have limited success and the proposed solutions often introduce a high operational complexity to the CMAC network. This paper presents a novel neurophysiologically inspired associative memory architecture named pseudo-self-evolving CMAC (PSECMAC) that nonuniformly allocates its computing cells to overcome the architectural deficiencies encountered by the CMAC network. The nonuniform memory allocation scheme employed by the proposed PSECMAC network is inspired by the cerebellar experience-driven synaptic plasticity phenomenon observed in the cerebellum, where significantly higher densities of synaptic connections are located in the frequently accessed regions. In the PSECMAC network, this biological synaptic plasticity phenomenon is emulated by employing a data-driven adaptive memory quantization scheme that defines its computing structure. A neighborhood-based activation process is subsequently implemented to facilitate the learning and computation of the PSECMAC structure. The training stability of the PSECMAC network is theoretically assured by the proof of its learning convergence, which will be presented in this paper. The performance of the proposed network is subsequently benchmarked against the CMAC network and several representative CMAC variants on three real-life applications, namely, pricing of currency futures option, banking failure classification, and modeling of the glucose-insulin dynamics of the human glucose metabolic process. The experimental results have strongly demonstrated the effectiveness of the PSECMAC network in addressing the architectural deficiencies of the CMAC network by achieving significant improvements in the memory utilization, output accuracy as well as the generalization capability of the network.
________________

Wouldn't you say the cerebellum is something of a black box in all of this?

I recall reading elsewhere that it potentially plays a not insignificant role in rapid skill-acquisition in people of above-average intellect. This may in fact what sets the ultra-high-IQers apart from just the high-IQers. But I'm not making any high-handed claims!
? | 2 years ago Reply
Cooijmans maid the same point I did (that High IQ people are subject to exaggerated claims of being deviant, abnormal, unable to cope with social interaction, etc.): http://www.paulcooijmans.com/statistics/iq170.html

Read it and weep, Mr. Clever Sillies.
? | 2 years ago Reply
Yes, Cooijmans' maid... Damn, time for sleep.
? | 2 years ago Reply
Just because Cooijman's subjects can navigate formalised, predictable social situations (note, with someone of a similarly high IQ, ie. 'on their wavelength') and resist insanity doesn't mean that they might not have difficulties interacting spontaneously with people 2 SDs less intelligent than they are.

I'm sure it works the other way round too: low to average IQs have problems interacting in high IQ groups. Unfortunately for high IQs, the former situation (high IQ amongst ave.) is more likely to occur than the latter (ave IQ amongst high), and so it is they who are deemed to be the dysfunctional ones.
cevapcici | 2 years ago Reply
And just because high IQers supposedly do not do things "intuitively" (now contrasted with "consciously") doesn't mean that they might have difficulties interacting with people with an IQ 2sd lesser than theirs.

Let's face it, this is pure bollocks. Sure, a high IQ person will be able to run intellectual circles around their inferiors, but they can still talk about the things their inferiors talk about. The reverse case is more transparently legitimate to suppose: lower IQ people will have difficulties with those of greater intelligence than themselves.

A classic case of blaming the victim and misattribution.

The absent-minded-professor stereotype is simply a negative view imposed upon the intelligent who are biased in some way (psychologically, intellectually, etc.) against the chap who's busy solving problems and doesn't have the time for meaningless chitchat. (Of course, there are degrees of aptitude, and this absentmindedness might be a deficiency of some kind, but it cannot be assumed from the get-go that this is necessarily tied in with a high "non-intuitive" intelligence.)

I rest my case.
? | 2 years ago Reply
Interestingly, 'meaningless' is precisely what an overly intellectual type would call chit-chat, the true purpose of chit-chat being an exchange of emotional, not intellectual content - with the 'content' lying in the manner of the telling, not what is told. Being able to talk eruditely 'about' something gives no advantage.

But, of course, since high working memory correlates with high emotional stolidity, emotional communication is trickier for those with a high IQ: they have to push out what for others leaks out involuntarily, and a painful, stilted parody of small-talk inevitably ensues.
cevapcici | 2 years ago Reply
"But, of course, since high working memory correlates with high emotional stolidity, emotional communication is trickier for those with a high IQ: they have to push out what for others leaks out involuntarily, and a painful, stilted parody of small-talk inevitably ensues."

This an interesting topic...I read the blog you cited. Here's what I think.

This depends on level of skill and the premium a high IQ person puts on social interaction as a meaningful game. Speaking of which, I would have a look at a book I'm reading now called
"the Game" by Neil Strauss. This book, while not exactly high literature, is about a bunch of computer geeks who morph themselves into charmers to pick up women. Strauss is a well educated popular writer who became a student of the 'game' in order to research this book.
As in acting, sales, comedy, or magic, many of the manipulation tactics, are 'thought out' or intellectualized beforehand so as to obviate stiltedness that is a result of not knowing what to do or say. A technique that is most often deployed by these is misdirection, often by actions and not words -- this is common to magicians and psychics and all sorts of con artists of duplicitous stripe.

What I've observed in social interaction is how 'real emotions' don't work well, especially
when one wants to get something for someone.
The most important thing is intention. Look at early Woody Allen movies, for instance. Surely he gets laid a lot more than he should since
he appears nervous. But what is plausible is that women are attracted to him because he is
not really nervous or neurotic but is playing this. It's a shtick -- albeit one that he uses over and over again. It seems that women have a better sense of the uses of untrue emotions more than men do and have greater capacity for utilizing them day to day for their own ends.
Perhaps they don't need to construct a strategy
because these manipulation tactics are learned
when very young; thus women tend to far better socially than men on average (with, of course, like anything else, many exceptions).

It makes sense then that many men with high fluid intelligence don't invest intelligence into the social arena, until, perhaps, later in life when they realize it's value. Much of this has to do with their not understanding how to achieve what they want by manipulating other people's emotions and their own in order to get what they want. Social class, or what's now called SES, needs to be considered, too. A middle class high IQ male will often have less understanding (by dint of environment) of how social interaction works, than his upper class counterpart who is immersed in it from a young age. Clearly, an upper class high IQ person is
at a big advantage in understanding the game of
social life and will know there's no such thing
as "small talk." Everything is said or not said
for a reason. Granted, you don't have to be all
that bright to understand this but you do have to be reasonably bright to master principles as well as ambitious enough to put them into action. One needs people around them to learn it from. Gladwell's "Outliers" contrasts Chris Langan's rough around the edges style, with Robert Oppenheimer, who grew up privileged and grew up understanding the social game. It is not so much IQ that is the enemy but clearly
a sense with many bright people from the middle
and lower classes that the social arena isn't
intellectually worth one's efforts to invest in mentally. It makes sense to think this way, but those in the upper classes don't get to decide -- the nuances of social life is just promulgated into their lives from a young age, no matter how bright (or dull) they are and so an investment of whatever brain power that they have into the social game is obligatory.
SES is a key issue; one the blogger missed.
milestones | 2 years ago Reply
Your point is good, but it needs a tweak.

Middle class individuals of high intelligence will likely not be able to develop social skills on par with their higher SES counterparts simply because there is little to no use for such skills. In simplest terms, the higher SES, high IQ individuals are able to exercise some control over the social sphere due to their high standing and others' awareness of their heritage/background, thus being more swayed by whatever it is they do.

Again, this brings us to the point that the "clever sillies" paradigm is wide of the mark by an extremely large margin on purely conceptual grounds, which does not require us to delve into data all that deeply.
? | 2 years ago Reply
"...a negative view imposed upon the intelligent who are biased in some way..."

should read

"...a negative view imposed upon the intelligent by those inferiors who are biased in some way..."
? | 2 years ago Reply
I mean to say the cerebellum in conjunction with neocortical processes, not the cerebellum alone.

I'll see if I can find the relevant literature.
? | 2 years ago Reply
Here's another good one:

http://www.newhorizons.org/neuro/leiner.htm
? | 2 years ago Reply
hi
? | 2 years ago Reply
Go away. :/
? | 2 years ago Reply
nice, appreciated
medicalstudent | 2 years ago Reply
*facepalm*

It's already posted.

Funny: validation code is "efg" -- Epic Fail Guy, anyone?

:D
? | 2 years ago Reply
http://www.newhorizons.org/neuro/leiner.htm

http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125606?cookieSet=1&journalCode=neuro

http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v3/n3/abs/4000395a.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_prodigy

The literature's a dime a dozen.
? | 2 years ago Reply
ive come across cerebellar implications in working memory, a "black box" is a great way to put it for now.

its just another part of a jigsaw puzzle that we don't have pieces for yet.
medicalstudent | 2 years ago Reply
Much agreed. With time, one may hope, we will be able to assemble it.
? | 2 years ago Reply
Bah. This is suuuuuuperficial.

Let's overlook that according to statistical analysis a majority of a population will fall within the mean (IQ=>85-115), then let's suppose from this that the majority have a vague, ambiguous something that's called "common sense", and then infer from this that since those who have iqs greater than 2sd above the mean somehow lack this "common sense" because--hey!--they aren't so common!

Riiiiiiiight. I'm all for this one.

Warmed-over armchair theories like this make me sick to my stomach.
? | 2 years ago Reply
If you weren't so loopy perhaps it wouldn't bother you.
cyberiad | 2 years ago Reply
...ad hominem ex exiguum baculum?
? | 2 years ago Reply
..... to this brain, "loopy" has a positive connotation
cyberiad | 2 years ago Reply
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/loopy

With words can conceal many things... ;-)
? | 2 years ago Reply
er "no reason to suppose"...

the most relevant question here is how much convergent thinking is responsible for raven's scores.
medicalstudent | 2 years ago Reply
One would need more than a mere model of thinking, i.e., established neurological correlates which more or less would determine a real and not a supposed difference between the two forms of thinking. Admittedly, it would seem that convergent thinking would be inherently different from divergent thinking, I think this difference is only a superficial one as can be seen by applying the models as shown through a thought-process on a particular problem (viz., the example I used). At this stage in the game it is not merely a questionable leap to suppose conv = Gf (not merely because it is obvious that divr = Gf, too), it is really quite foolish and erroneous when one understands the "two kinds" of thought as being... "thought" in two different situations.

To my mind, where people show their strengths in one "kind of thinking" as opposed to the other is only a measure of learning and familiarity, not necessarily of one that could be construed as having a fundamental standing like that of Gf vs Gc, for being familiar is a measure of Gc and being able is a measure of Gf.

The equation of convergent thinking = Gf is erroneous, really...
? | 2 years ago Reply
Just a note of clarification: my crude formula for "being familiar = Gc" and "being able = Gf" was written to make my point clear and should not be taken literally.

I hope readers are at least familiar with the two concepts to be able to follow what I'm saying.

If not, oh well.
? | 2 years ago Reply

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